正文内容
分段整理展示,阅读节奏更清晰。
雷夫·佛漢·威廉斯,OM(英語:Ralph Vaughan Williams,1872年10月12日—1958年8月26日),英國作曲家。他亦是英國民歌的收集者。
== 生平 ==
=== 早年 ===
佛漢·威廉斯出生於格洛斯特郡的下安普尼,而其父亞瑟·佛漢·威廉斯則是一名副主教。父親逝世後,他在1875年被其母親玛格丽特·蘇珊·威奇伍德(Margaret Susan Wedgwood,1843–1937,陶瓷家約書亞·威奇伍德之曾孫女)照顧,並於其位於市北處的利斯山地方的家庭同住。達爾文為威廉斯的伯叔,兩者間頗有關係。 雷夫(Rayf)於是被稱作尊貴而聰明的中上階級,但他沒有視以為自然,仍努力不懈為其相信的民主和自由觀念奮鬥。 作為一個學生,他學習鋼琴,「但我永不懂彈奏,而小提琴則是我音樂的拯救」。中学毕业之后,进入皇家音乐学院,然后进入剑桥大学三一学院学习音乐史,后又回到皇家音乐学院学习作曲,師從斯坦福與帕里,其中帕里帶來相當大的影響。 1901年取得劍橋大學音樂博士學位。1909年赴巴黎,就教於莫里斯·拉威尔,為拉威爾唯一的門徒。 他的音乐创作成就很晚,直到30岁他的一首名叫《Linden Lea》歌曲才成为他的第一个发表作品。他把很多精力用于收集民歌。
=== 職業生涯 ===
=== 晚年 ===
== 作品節選 == 佛漢·威廉斯的大部分作品皆由牛津大學出版社所出版,該社在2022年10月12日(即作曲家一百五十歲誕辰)宣布將一批文獻贈與大英博物馆,其內容包括總譜謄稿、訂正文件,以及指揮首演使用的演奏指示等。以下依美國國會圖書分類法排序,列舉他的部分作品:
管風琴 Three Preludes on Welsh Hymntunes(Bryn Calfaria, Rhosymedre, Hyfrydol)(1920) A Wedding Tune for Ann(1943) Two Organ Preludes(The White Rock, St. David's Day)(1956) The Old Hundredth Psalm-Tune(?) 室內樂及樂器 c小調絃樂五重奏(小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴及鋼琴)(1903) g小調第1絃樂四重奏(1908) a小調第2絃樂四重奏(1942-44) 《五重奏幻想曲》Phantasy Quintet(2小提琴、中提琴及2大提琴)(1912) 《六首英國民歌練習曲》Six Studies in English Folk-Song(大提琴及鋼琴)(1926) 《三首以威爾斯曲調而寫成的前奏曲》Three Preludes on Welsh Hymn Tunes(管風琴)(1956) 為中提琴及鋼琴的浪漫曲(日子不詳) 管弦樂 交響曲 《大海交響曲》(A Sea Symphony,1903-1909) 《倫敦交響曲》(A London Symphony,1913) 《田園交響曲》(A Pastoral Symphony,1921) f小調第4號交響曲(1931-34) D大調第5號交響曲(1938-43) e小調第6號交響曲(1946-47) 《南極交響曲》(Sinfonia Antartica,1949-52)(基於Scott of the Antarctic這套1948年的電影) d小調第8號交響曲(1953-55) e小調第9號交響曲(1956-57) 《在郊野的沼澤上》(In the Fen Country,1904) 《第1諾福克幻想曲》(Norfolk Rhapsody No. 1,1906,1914修訂) 《黄蜂》,阿里斯托芬式組曲(The Wasps,1909) 《泰利斯主题幻想曲》(Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis;1910,1913及1919修訂) 《綠袖子幻想曲》(Fantasia on "Greensleeves",1934) 《迪夫與拉沙羅的五個變奏曲》(Five Variants of Dives and Lazarus,1939) 《大協奏曲》(Concerto Grosso,1950) 協奏曲 鋼琴 C大調鋼琴協奏曲(1926-31) 雙鋼琴協奏曲(1946,為上者之重製) 小提琴 《雲雀高飞》(The Lark Ascending,為小提琴和管弦樂所作,1914) 《學院協奏曲》(Concerto Accademico,為小提琴和管弦樂所作,1924-25) 中提琴 《田野之花》(Flos Campi,中提琴、無詞合唱團、小型樂隊,1925) 《中提琴及小型管弦樂套曲》(Suite for Viola and Small Orchestra,1936-38) 雙簧管協奏曲,a小調,(雙簧管及弦樂器,1944) 為鋼琴、合唱團和交響樂團所寫的《為詩篇104篇而寫的幻想曲(類近變奏曲)》(Fantasia(quasi variazione) on the Old 104th Psalm Tune,1949) 為口琴及樂隊所寫的《降D大調浪漫曲》(Romance in D flat for harmonica and orchestra,1951,為拉利阿德勒Larry Adler所作) f小調低音號協奏曲(Concerto for Bass Tuba,1954) 管樂團 《英国民歌组曲》"English Folk Song Suite"(1923) Toccata Marziale for military band(1924) Flourish for Wind Band(1939) Sea Songs Overture: Henry V for brass band Variations for brass band(1957) 歌劇 Hugh the Drover或Love in the Stocks(1910-20) Sir John in Love(約翰爵士談戀愛1924-28),即其創作之綠袖子主题幻想曲的來源。 The Poisoned Kiss(1927-29,修訂版為1936-37及1956-57) Riders to the Sea(海上騎士、騎馬入海的人,1925-32),由约翰·沁孤之劇本改編。 The Pilgrim's Progress(天路歷程,1909-51),基於約翰·本仁之託寓詩 芭蕾 Old King Cole(大王科爾,1923) Job, a masque for dancing(假面舞劇《約伯》,1930) 合唱 Toward the Unknown Region, song for chorus and orchestra, setting of Walt Whitman(1906) Five Mystical Songs for baritone, chorus and orchestra, settings of George Herbert(1911) Fantasia on Christmas Carols for baritone, chorus, and orchestra(1912; arranged also for reduced orchestra of organ, strings, percussion) Mass in G小調 for unaccompanied choir(1922) Sancta Civitas(The Holy City) oratorio, text mainly from the Book of Revelation(1923-25) Te Deum in G(1928) Benedicite for soprano, chorus, and orchestra(1929) In Windsor Forest, adapted from the opera Sir John in Love(1929) Three Choral Hymns(1929) Magnificat for contralto, women's chorus, and orchestra(1932) Five Tudor Portraits for contralto, baritone, chorus, and orchestra(1935) Dona nobis pacem,沃特·衛特曼詞及其他(1936) Festival Te Deum for chorus and orchestra or organ(1937) Serenade to Music for sixteen solo voices and orchestra, a setting of Shakespeare(1938) A Song for Thanksgiving(原作 Thanksgiving for Victory) for narrator, soprano solo, children's chorus, mixed chorus, and orchestra(1944) An Oxford Elegy for narrator, mixed chorus and small orchestra(1949) Three Shakespeare Songs ,為SATB沒有伴奏的,用作英聯邦國家音樂競賽(The British Federation of Music Festivals National Competitive Festival ,1951) Hodie, a Christmas oratorio(1954) Folk songs of the Four Seasons for unaccompanied SSA chorus. Epithalamion for baritone solo, chorus, flute, piano, and strings(1957) Numerous hymns, some of which were first published in the English Hymnal of 1906, of which Vaughan Williams was the musical editor, collaborating with Percy Dearmer. 聲樂 "Linden Lea",歌(1901) The House of Life(1904) Songs of Travel(1904) "The Sky Above The Roof"(1908) On Wenlock Edge, song cycle for tenor, piano and string quartet(1909) Along the Field, for tenor and violin Three Poems by Walt Whitman for baritone and piano(1920) Four Poems by Fredegond Shove: for baritone and piano(1922) Four Hymns for Tenor, Viola and Strings(1914) Merciless Beauty for tenor, two violins, and cello Four Last Songs(Vaughan Williams)|Four Last Songs to poems of Ursula Vaughan Williams Ten William Blake|Blake songs, song cycle for high voice and oboe(1957) 電影、電台、電視配樂 49th Parallel, 1940, his first, talked into it by Muir Mathieson to assuage his guilt at being able to do nothing for the war-effort Coastal Command(film)|Coastal Command, 1942 BBC改編本The Pilgrim's Progress, 1942 The People's Land, 1943 The Story of a Flemish Farm, 1943 Stricken Peninsula, 1945 The Loves of Joanna Godden, 1946 Scott of the Antarctic(1948 film)|Scott of the Antarctic, 1948, partially reused for his Symphony No. 7 Sinfonia Antartica
== 評價 == 音樂評論家哈羅德·C·勳伯格:「他的作品總是音樂第一、民族主義第二;充分顯示出大人物的偉大精神,有見地而又極見真性情。」
== 軼事 == 青年時期的佛漢·威廉斯經常不修邊幅、衣著邋遢,與講究外表的拉威爾形成巴黎街頭一組極為強烈的對比。
== 參考資料 == 參照
期刊雜誌 Schonberg, Harold C. 佛漢-威廉斯生平與作品. 全音音樂文摘. Vol. 9 no. 8. 由李鴛英翻译 (台北市: 全音音樂文摘雜誌社). 1985.
== 参见 == 古典音乐作曲家列表
== 外部連結 ==
沃恩-威廉斯的免费乐谱,由国际乐谱典藏计划提供 1956 audio interview with Vaughan Williams (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) on his editing of the English Hymnal(from the BBC) The Ralph Vaughan Williams Society (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Ralph Vaughan Williams web site by Jaron Collis Listen to free recordings of Lord, thou hast been our refuge and Linden Lea (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) from Coro Nostro (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), a mixed chamber choir based in Leicester, UK. Ralph Vaughan Williams (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) listing at the IMDB. Article about Tony Palmer's 2007 film, 'O thou transcendent'